Autosomal DNA testing examines a person's entire genome to identify genetic matches across all ancestral lines and estimate ethnic origins.

Genetic genealogy can uncover unexpected discoveries, such as non-paternity events (when the presumed father is not the biological father) or instances of unknown or undisclosed adoptions.

Genealogical numbering systems, such as the Ahnentafel system, assign unique numbers to individuals in a family tree for easy reference and organization.

Heraldry, the study of coats of arms and heraldic symbols, is often intertwined with genealogy, as family crests and coats of arms are passed down through generations.

One-name studies, also known as surname studies, focus on researching all occurrences of a particular surname, regardless of familial relationship, to understand its distribution and origins.